<p>Walupt Lake is a large freshwater lake located in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. It is located near the town of Packwood and is popular for camping, boating, and hiking. The eastern half of the lake is within the Goat Rocks Wilderness. It is the deepest and second largest natural lake in Lewis County.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Walupt Lake is ribbon lake situated near the end of a long glacial valley. The main inflow of Walupt Lake is the perennial, snowmelt-fed Walupt Creek, which flows out of this long valley into the east end of the lake. Other small streamlets flow into the lake from the steep valley walls above. The lake&#39;s watershed encompasses 13.7 square miles of land in the southern Goat Rocks with the majority of this watershed being forested or unproductive and the rest being the lake itself. The outflow, Walupt Creek, is on the northwestern corner of the lake. Walupt Lake is vaguely boot-shaped with the toe pointed to the east, up the valley. The widest part of the lake is on the western end at 4,140 ft and the longest part is the southern third at 6,475 ft. Walupt Lake has an area of 350 acre with an average depth of 180 ft. The lake is the deepest lake in Lewis County and is also one of the deepest in Washington with a maximum depth of 300 ft. The great average depth gives the lake its large volume of 62,000 acre.ft of water, putting it among the top 25 lakes in Washington by volume.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Walupt is of Yakama origin. It was given to the lake by Albert Hale Sylvester. Even though it was a large lake, it did not appear on any older maps and he had not heard of it. While he was working on the ridge above the lake, he encountered a Native American who told him that Walupt was what the region was called by the Yakamas, so Sylvester applied the name to the lake. The Indian also related a legend of the lake to Sylvester. A great Yakama hunter pursued a mighty deer for many days, until finally the deer led him to the lake. The deer jumped in, swam around for a while, and then disappeared. Since then, any hunter whose chase leads to the lake will sometimes see the deer swimming in the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The eastern half of Walupt Lake is within the Goat Rocks Wilderness of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Walupt Lake Campground is a popular campground and day use area on the west end of the lake with 42 primitive sites and a boat ramp. The campground is also a popular access point for the Goat Rocks Wilderness. While very little of the surrounding countryside is visible from the lake, once on the ridges above the lake, there are up close views of the surrounding Goat Rocks, Mount Adams off to the south and Mount Rainier to the northwest. The Nannie Ridge Trail #98 and Walupt Lake Trail #101 both start at the eastern end of the campground and provide different views of the wilderness and surrounding area on the way to their respective junctions with the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Jericho Center Historic District encompasses much of the central village of Jericho, Vermont. Centered on the town green at the meeting point of Brown&#39;s Trace, Varney Road, and Bolger Hill Road, the center  is a well-preserved Vermont country village developed mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Jericho was chartered in 1763, but was not settled until after American independence. The town green which forms the centerpiece of the Jericho Center village was laid out on land donated by early settler Lewis Chapin, on the condition that the town meetinghouse be built there. The village soon grew with the construction of a store and other buildings. The village did not develop as an economic center, lacking water power, and later also railroad connections, but remained viable as a service and civic center for the surrounding rural area. It also benefited from the presence of the Jericho Academy, which provided secondary school from 1825 into the 20th century, and whose surviving building now houses the town library.</p><br>
<p>The historic district covers 17 acre, and includes the roughly square town green and all of the buildings facing it. It extends a short way north along Brown&#39;s Trace. Most of the buildings are houses between one and 2-1/2 stories in height, in generally vernacular interpretations of architectural styles popular between 1800 and 1920. The Congregational Church is the only brick building; built in 1836 and restyled in 1877, it is a prominent local landmark and a fine example of Federal architecture with Italianate alterations. There are a few buildings that were built as retail commercial spaces, and a few houses have been converted to such use. The oldest buildings, lining the southern side of the green, date to the 1810s.</p><br>
<p>The Sea Cut  is a small river that enters the North Sea at Scalby Mills, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England. The beck is fed from local streams in Scalby, Newby and Burniston and other watercourses draining off the nearby hills. It is also a bypass channel for the upper reaches of the River Derwent when it is under flood conditions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sea Cut is fed by small streams and becks mainly draining water away from the hills on the western side of Scalby and Newby. In response to major flooding on the River Derwent in 1799, a canalised beck was cut between Everley and Newby Bridge (the present day A171 road bridge that spans the beck between Newby and Scalby). The Sea Cut was primarily to stop flooding in West and East Ayton further downstream. This means that water flowing in the River Derwent takes 150 mi before reaching the sea via the Humber Estuary as opposed to the relatively short distance via the Sea Cut. This scheme, along with others in the area (straightening of the Derwent and Hertford rivers and land drainage) was promoted by Sir George Cayley and William Chapman with Robert Wilson employed as engineer for the Sea Cut navigation.</p><br>
<p>During the Ice Age, the water flowed to the sea along the course of the Sea Cut before glacial mud build up caused what is now the Derwent river to change course and lead to it flowing westwards away from the North Sea.</p><br>
<p>The Sea Cut (or New Cut) was opened on 3 September 1804 and extended to 3 mi with a width of 30 ft and a drop of 135 ft. Ten weirs were built along its length to control the energy of the floodwaters with the weir head at Everley controlling the flow of the Sea Cut by use of a sluice gate allowing floodwater over the weir when the Derwent is in spate, but maintaining the flow of water in the Derwent when dryer conditions prevail. The sluice gate at Everely is designed specifically to not allow floodwater to enter the Derwent. Instead the majority of the floodwater is diverted down the Sea Cut.</p><br>
<p>Local businessmen, entrepreneurs and farmers all gathered together to make the scheme viable as it would also provide additional land for agriculture. A new bridge was built for Mowthorp Road as part of the scheme (which is now Grade II listed) with the other crossing points in Scalby having had many bridges throughout human history, although they were all replaced in the latter part of the 19th or the early part of the 20th century (Newby Bridge was washed away in a flood in August 1890. Whitby Road Bridge (the A165 road) was rebuilt in 1906).</p><br>
<p>The beck&#39;s outfall into the North Sea was further south than where it is now. Adjacent to the Sea Life Centre at Scarborough was a coastal island known as Monkey Island. This was large enough to play cricket and football on top of it and the Sea Cut used to run between the coast and Monkey Island and enter the sea further south on the coast towards Peasholm. Monkey Island was lost to coastal erosion and the remains were finally removed after its location became part of the Scarborough Sea Life Centre.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>The watercourse starts in the parish of Suffield-cum-Everley near to Mowthorpe Farm. This is where the River Derwent turns south away from the coast. The Sea Cut runs for 5 km due eastwards flowing over three weirs on the way in a fairly straight sided channel as this is the cut section. It flows under Mowthorp Road (C71) and then flows north eastwards before reaching the Hackness Road (C251). This is where the canalised section ends and the last 3 km is known as Scalby Beck. Traditionally, where Church Beck joins the main watercourse, it was known as Scalby Beck.</p><br>
<p>The beck flows on underneath the A171 road at Newby Bridge; hereafter it is more of a meander as this is the natural course of water before the new cut further upstream was added. The beck then flows under the viaduct of the former Scarborough to Whitby Railway and the A165 road before flowing through a deep channel in heathland at Scalby Ness then flowing out into the North Sea by Scalby Mills and Scarborough Sea Life Centre. The last section had the watermills and still has the lionshare of weirs (7) from a total of ten weirs on the entire watercourse.</p><br>
<p>Control of floodwaters and flood prevention is the responsibility of the Environment Agency as the Sea Cut is designated as a main river alongside the Derwent, the Hertford and the Esk rivers. The becks that flow into the Sea Cut and Scalby Beck are maintained by Scarborough Borough Council.</p><br>
<h2>Industrial history</h2><br>
<p>The Sea Cut and its banks were used to support all manner of industries. Chief amongst these were the four mills that lined the beck, two of which are still extant; one, a former 17th century watermill, which is now a Youth Hostel on the A165 road and the Low Mill at Scalby Mills which is a public house having been converted from a mill by 1854.</p><br>
<p>High Mill, and its associated buildings, still exist as High Mill Farm and are Grade II listed. The history of milling on this site goes back to 1609 (though the current building were built in the 1840s). High Mill made good use of the increased water flow on Scalby Beck by building a mill race to power its waterwheel. The mill race has since been filled in with earth.</p><br>
<p>The corn mill that operated as Newby Bridge was opened in the mid 18th century and had closed by the 1950s. It received its corn via the railway at Scalby railway station. This mill was adjacent to the A165 bridge further downstream from Newby, but was known as Newby Bridge Mill.</p><br>
<p>Coastal surveys have identified a Smallpox isolation hospital and a rifle range in the lower reaches of the beck. The rifle range was used in the First and Second World Wars.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>When the Sea Cut was drained for repairs in 2014, a colony of 100 Crayfish were removed for safety and then returned to the beck when the remediation works had taken place.</p><br>
<p>Many obstacles prevent fish from migrating up the beck (notably the weirs) and steps have been taken to alleviate this problem. In autumn 2012, a special fish pass was installed on the weir adjacent to the Burniston Road Bridge (the A165). Scalby Beck Angling Club spent £9,000 on the wooden structure which is the same as another successful fish pass installed further up the beck. Another barrier to fish migration is the weir at the mouth of the beck. There is a concrete pipe which was originally built to carry sewage and deposit it onto the beach further north. Apart from high tide, fish migration is very difficult here.</p><br>
<p>Scalby Beck provides the only substantial sea trout spawning area between the River Esk at Whitby and the Humber Estuary. Otters have been recorded on the beck, too.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>In the upper reaches of the Cut, when it makes its way across the flat terrain west of Scalby, the Cut can be accessed by paths and bridleways on both the northern and southern banks. The Tabular Hills Walk runs along the southern bank from the A171 Road bridge to Mowthorpe Farm on Mowthorp Road. The walk stretches for 48 mi from Scalby Mills to Helmsley.</p><br>
<p>The lower reaches of the Cut from the A171 Road to the mouth are steeper and access is controlled by Scalby Beck Angling Club.</p><br>
<p>The mouth of the beck is accessible via a footbridge that carries the Cleveland Way. The mouth is also adjacent to Scalby Mills and Scarborough Sea Life Centre, so access is easy there too.</p><br>
<p>Mararison or Malalison for travelers is a small island beach destination and a barangay in Culasi in Antique. The beauty of the island was only seen by media after the devastation of Typhoon Haiyan in the province. Mararison is just behind the world&#39;s most popular beach destination, Boracay. Mararison or Malalison means the one who is fond of violating or the one who refuses to follow rules.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>According to a popular local legend, the island was one of the three offsprings of Madya-as and Kanlaon namely: Mararison, Batbatan and Maningning. Mararison and Batbatan turned out to be strong men while Maningning was the prettiest in Antique. However, the siblings grew up to be stubborn as well. Mararison was fond of violating rules, Batbatan was disobeying his parents and the elders, while Maningning was very lazy that she refuses to do some household chores. Madya-as prayed to the gods to help her change her children but day by day, the siblings&#39; attitude became worse.</p><br>
<p>Because of this, Bulalakaw, the chief god, saw it all and made an action to teach the siblings a lesson. Then there came a very strong typhoon. The wind and the sea became ecstatic by rage. Flashes of lightning and thunder occurred as the weather grew terrible. Bulalakaw gathered the siblings. By one wave of his hand, he threw them in the sea and turned them into islands and separated them in mainland Antique one by one despite Madya-as and Kanlaons appeal and prayers to the chief god. Mararison being the nearest (as he received the lightest punishment because he is first-born and greatly loved by his parents and later realized his mistakes but was too late), Maningning (present day Maniguin Island) as the farthest and Batbatan in between the two. They were cursed to be separated to their parents in eternity.</p><br>
<p>Ponta Preta is a point and a headland in the northwest of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. It is about 3 km northwest of the town of Tarrafal. The point is the westernmost in the municipality and the third westernmost on the island after a point west of Porto Rincão.</p><br>
<h2>About the point and the headland</h2><br>
<p>It has a headland that stretches more than a kilometer east to west and north to south and has an area of about 150 ha. The point divides the two bays, Fazenda in the north at a small headland and Tarrafal Bay at the lighthouse. It also forms a part of the west of Monte Graciosa, the headland are surrounded by steep cliffs, the highest point on the headland is 187 metres. Nearby points include Ponta Fazenda 2 km north, one near Chão Bom 5 km south, Ponta de São Jorge more than 3 km north and Ponta Moreia 5 km north.</p><br>
<p>About 10 km immediately to the west has a depth of 1,000 meters and that portion forms a part of the Cape Verde Rise. 20-30 km north has the deepest portion being about 3,000 meters below sea level.</p><br>
<p>Southeast of the point in its headland has a homonymous lighthouse located near the point at the elevation of about 25-36 meters above sea level. It is connected with a pathway linking Tarrafal at its beach.</p><br>
<p>During the Ice Age, the point then unnamed was about a kilometer west. The island along with the point was first discovered by António da Noli in 1460. Before the northern part was settled around the 16th century, the area was forested probably most of the headland. The area around the point was first settled around the mid to late 16th century.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the geography was barren, in the 1980s, a small part has been reforested but the remainder remains to be a barren grassland and savanna.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>Numerous flora and fauna mostly endangered dominate the headland as well as under the sea surrounding the point. Marine fauna founded in the waters include the goose barnacle Pollicipes caboverdensis and the coral Balanopsammia wirtzi, the only species of the genus. Both of these were named in the first years of the current decade. Fishes founded within the promontory include the Cape Verde basslet (Liopropoma emanueli) and the Two-banded seabream (Diplodus prayensis).</p><br>
<p>The New Haven District Campground, also known as the Plainville Campground, is a historic Methodist camp meeting site on Gladding Avenue in Plainville, Connecticut. Opened in 1865, the campground was used by Connecticut Methodists to partake in the 19th-century trend of religious and recreational camp meetings, and is now a secular community of summer homes. The campground was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 19, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The New Haven District Campground is located on northwestern Plainville, on about 17 acre of land northeast of the junction of Camp Street and Northwest Drive. It consists of a network of roads, entered via Gladding Avenue, that radiate to the north from Circle Avenue, at whose center is the main pavilion. The roads are otherwise densely built with small wood-frame cottages. All are one to two stories in height, and many feature gingerbread decoration typical of other camp meeting architecture.</p><br>
<p>Despite their original purpose as revivalist gatherings, camp meetings became a popular leisure destination for the middle class in the 19th century due to their moral nature and affordability. The campground consists of 89 cottages, built as permanent replacements for the sites original tents, which surround a central preaching area in the camp meetings traditional circular pattern. At the height of its popularity, the campsite had its own railroad station and spurred the local economy in what was at the time a rural area. The campground lost its religious affiliation in 1957, though the cottages are still used as summer homes.</p><br>
<p>The Lorenzo S. Coffin Burial Plot is a historic structure located northwest of Fort Dodge, Iowa, United States. Initially the various members of the Coffin family had individual grave markers, but after Lorenzo Coffin&#39;s death they were incorporated into a concrete wall. The surrounding graves are those of non-family members. The Coffin family home was originally to the west of the grave site. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Lorenzo S. Coffin</h2><br>
<p>Coffin was a New Hampshire native who studied at Oberlin College. He started teaching in Chester, Ohio where future USA president James Garfield was one of his students. Coffin was an early farm editor in Iowa and served on a variety of boards and associations including the Iowa State Fair, Iowa Stock Breeders Association, Iowa Farmers&#39; Alliance, Farmers Protective Association, and the National Dairy and Food Association. He was also a leader in establishing farmers mutual insurance companies, and agricultural extension education.</p><br>
<p>Coffin served as Iowas immigration agent, and as the states Railroad Commissioner. He was an advocate for railroad safety and established the Railroadmens Temperance Movement, was involved with the Railroadmens YMCA movement, helped establish the Railroadmens Retirement Home in Highland Park, Illinois, and served as president of their board of directors. He supported Prohibition in the United States, served on the Iowa Anti-Saloon League, ran as a Prohibitionist for governor in 1906 and was the vice-presidential candidate on the United Christian Party ticket in 1908. Coffin was also involved with the prison reform movement, and established a home for unwed mothers under the auspices of the Womans Christian Temperance Union.</p><br>
<p>The Evarts-McWilliams House is a historic house on Georgia Shore Road in Georgia, Vermont. Built about 1799, it is a prominent example of Federal period architecture in northwestern Vermont. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Evarts-McWilliams House is located in a rural area of northwestern Georgia, on the east side of Georgia Shore Road a short way north of its junction with Mill River Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and clapboarded exterior. The main facade is five bays wide and symmetrical, with the centered entrance framed by engaged Tuscan columns supporting an entablature and cornice. The main eave line is decorated with a band of modillions. The interior retains many original period features, having seen only relatively modest alterations for the introduction of modern amenities.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1799, its construction attributed to William Sprats, a builder whose early career in Connecticut is well-documented, where he produced a number of prominent Federal period buildings. His later career in Vermont and adjacent New York is poorly understood, with only one building (the George Meeting House, destroyed by fire in 1952) definitely attributed to him. Of the Federal period houses known in the Franklin County area, this one is the best preserved.</p><br>
<p>The Martin Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge spanning the Winooski River off United States Route 2 in southern Marshfield, Vermont. Built about 1890, it is the only surviving historic covered bridge in the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Martin Covered Bridge is located in southern Marshfield, about 1 mi north of Plainfield village, on the east side of US 2. At one time the bridge carried a private farm road; it is now open only to pedestrians. It is a single-span queenpost truss structure, 45 ft long and 12.5 ft wide, with a roadway width of 10.5 ft. It is covered by a gabled roof and its exterior is clad in vertical board siding. The siding does not rise all the way to the roof, and extends a shortway into the portals, sheltering the projecting upper ends. The abutments are made of roughly coursed dry laid stone. The trusses incorporate iron rods, which extend vertically from the bracing diagonals to the bottom chords.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built about 1890 by Herman F. Townsend, a prominent local bridgewright. It is one of the few surviving 19th century bridges in the state that was originally built on a private road, and is Marshfield&#39;s only surviving historic covered bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Jericho Village Historic District encompasses the historic industrial and commercial center of the village of Jericho, Vermont. Stretched along Vermont Route 15 south of Browns River, which powered the village&#39;s industries for many years, the village center includes a well-preserved array of 19th and early 20th-century buildings. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The village of Jericho was established in the early 19th century around a series of mill privileges on the Browns River, which in the first half of the 19th century were mainly populate by saw and grist mills. Beginning in the 1820s the mills expanded to include woolen textile processing, and in the later 19th century the water power was harnessed for a variety of manufacturing operations, established to capitalize on the areas natural resources. The water-powered industries declined in the early decades of the 20th century, and most of the industrial buildings were torn down or destroyed by fire or flood. Fires also occasionally swept through the built-up areas of the village, but significant elements of its 19th-century form still predominate.</p><br>
<p>The historic district stretches along Vermont Route 15, which is known as Main Street in the western portion and Church Street in the eastern portion of the district. These two roads meet at a small triangular green, from which Lee River Road and Plains Road extend south. The western boundary of the district is roughly Lawrence Heights, and its eastern boundary roughly Griswold Street. In addition to buildings lining Church and Main Streets, the district includes properties on Lee River Road, Plains Road, and Old Pump Road, and it includes the archaeological remains of the mill complexes on either side of the Browns River, which roughly parallels VT 15. Most of the buildings are wood frame structures, with the brick Congregational Church (1826) and Galusha House (1790) as prominent exceptions. The village&#39;s industrial past remains visible in the Old Red Mill and Mill House (aka the Chittenden Mill), located at the western end of the historic district and now a museum property of the local historical society.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabeth Cleveland Intermediate School is a historic building located at 13322 Conant Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. The school is an excellent example of Collegiate Gothic style, with no alteration to its exterior since construction. The building is still in use as a school, and now houses Frontier International Academy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Detroit Public School District began planning for construction of the Elizabeth Cleveland Intermediate School in 1926, by acquiring land and engaging the architectural firm of Donaldson and Meier. Construction began in 1927, and opened to students in September of that year. The school remained a middle school until 2006, when it became a 6-12 school. The school closed in 2009, and remained vacant until 2012, when a charter school bought the property. In September 2013 the school partially reopened as the Frontier International Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Elizabeth Cleveland Intermediate School is located on a large corner lot, positioned diagonally facing the intersection. The building is a two-story orange brick flat-roofed structure, with the facade divided into nineteen bays. The central bay projects forward, and is surmounted by a high parapet wall. Two bays to either side of the center are a pair of entrance pavilions, topped with square turrets.</p><br>
<p>The entry pavilions contain terrazzo-floor vestibules. The building contains academic classrooms, four shops, a drafting room, two "clothing rooms," two "food centers," an auditorium, a gymnasium, pool, and locker rooms.</p><br>
<p>Rocha Estância is a mountain in the southwestern part of the island Boa Vista in Cape Verde, next to the village of Povoação Velha. The etymology of the name of the mountain is related to cattle ranching that was done over the years.</p><br>
<p>Its elevation is 357 meters and is the second tallest on the island. The area forms a protected area known as Rocha Estância Natural Monument (Monumento Natural de Rocha Estância) which protects flora and fauna, its total area is 253 ha and its perimeter is 6,817 meters.</p><br>
<p>The area are bounded to three streams: Baixa (lower), Doutor (teacher) and Fonte (spring) which separates other mountainous formations, it has conditions for agricultural practices, Ribeira Baixa is in the west and southwest of the village and Ribeira Doutor is in the southeast, both flows south and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Praia de Santa Mónica. During the Ice Age, it may have had a tributary and emptied about 5 to 10 km southwest. Near the area of the settlement in the western part has activity outside the protected area.</p><br>
<p>The Our Lady of Conception church is located in the western part. On the mountaintop, views of the islands of São Nicolau and Maio can be seen</p><br>
<p>The former Fort Dodge Senior High School building, also known as North Junior High and Phillips Middle School, is a historic building located in Fort Dodge, Iowa, United States. The building was constructed in 1922 with additions completed in 1948 and 1979. When the current high school was built in 1958, Phillips became known as North Junior High School, housing grades 7, 8, and 9. The Fort Dodge Community School District&#39;s adoption of the middle school philosophy in 1984 changed the name of the building to Phillips Middle School. District wide grade reconfiguration in 1990 changed Phillips to a building housing grades 7 and 8. It, along with Fair Oaks Middle School, was sold to Foutch Bros. LLC, of Kansas City, Missouri the following year to be converted into apartments. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The New Center Commercial Historic District is a commercial historic district located on Woodward Avenue between Baltimore Street and Grand Boulevard  in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Woodward Avenue likely began as a Native American trail, but the thoroughfare was firmly established in 1805-1806, when it was included in the master plan for rebuilding Detroit after the 1805 fire. By 1820, Woodward Avenue had been improved from downtown Detroit up through Six Mile Road. By 1878, Detroit suburbs had crept up to the area that is now the New Center Commercial Historic District, and in 1878-1882, a series of subdivisions were platted in the area. Development was hastened by the construction of Grand Boulevard, which began in 1883. In 1885, the city of Detroit annexed all the land within the Grand Boulevard ring, including this district.</p><br>
<p>The intersection of two main streets - Woodward Avenue and Grand Boulevard - made a natural location for a commercial district. Commercial structures were being constructed in the area by 1884, and by 1889 the east and west sides of Woodward between Milwaukee and Baltimore were already filled with commercial structures. Some of these buildings are still extant in the district. By 1897 commercial development extended north to Grand Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>Further development occurred in the district around 1915, corresponding to the rise of the automotive industry and the opening of Henry Ford Hospital a few blocks down Grand Boulevard. In 1922, General Motors began construction on a new headquarters building (the General Motors Building just one block west of this district, and in 1927 Fisher Body followed suit, beginning construction of the landmark Fisher Building. These two buildings anchored what the Fisher brothers envisioned as a new central business district - the New Center - that would relieve the congestion in Detroit&#39;s primary downtown business district. The late 1920s also saw more redevelopment in the commercial district along Woodward.</p><br>
<p>In 1936-1937, Woodward Avenue was widened along almost its entire route, including through the New Center. In the process, all but two of the buildings on the west side of Woodward were demolished. The two remaining structures were shortened, with new facades added. New buildings were infilled in the early 1940s. However, the city&#39;s population began declining in the 1950s, and the New Center, along with much of the rest of the city, began a slow decline. General Motors, remaining in the area, stabilized the surrounding neighborhood, and the New Center Council, a local business organization created in 1967, ensured that the commercial district was able to survive.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The district contains fourteen contributing structures, as well as one non-contributing building. All structures are one to three-story commercial masonry buildings. The buildings are constructed in a range of architectural styles, including Commercial style, Neoclassical, Art Deco and Moderne. The district is representative of many of the local commercial districts in Detroit which sprung up at the intersections of major streets. However, the New Center area has retained more commercial vitality than many other neighborhood commercial districts, and the buildings within the district maintain a higher degree of integrity. Construction dates range from the late 1880s to 1942. The fifteen buildings in the district include:</p><br>
<h3>East side of Woodward, Baltimore - Milwaukee</h3><br>
<p>6400-02 Woodward/11-21 West Baltimore Street, 1914 This two-story tall white brick commercial building was constructed in 1914. It has three storefront bays wide facing Woodward and ten bays along Baltimore. The storefronts have been filled with concrete and glass block. The second floor has large window openings with small hopper widows inset into glass block filling. Atop the building is a parapet wall and original metal cornice.</p><br>
<p>6408-16 Woodward, c. 1885 This two-story building was likely originally two separate buildings, both constructed prior to 1889. The building is four bays wide; the first floor storefronts are sided and the second floor is clad in porcelain enamel metal panels with vertical metal strips which divide front of the building into sixteen equal sections.</p><br>
<p>6420-26 Woodward, c. 1885 This is a two-story Commercial style building three bays wide. The entire first floor is clad in square marble tiles and the second floor of the building is faced in yellow brick. The outside bays have wide second floor windows consisting of a single large light flanked by double-hung windows with transoms. The center bay is narrower with just double-hung windows.</p><br>
<p>Detroit Hardware (6432 Woodward), c. 1885 This two-story brick commercial building once formed the south half of the Brown Block, the north half of which was demolished to make way for the Detroit Savings Bank in 1916. The storefront is aluminum framed glass with a tile base. The second floor has a large window opening with transom in each half of the building. The Detroit Hardware Company, founded in 1924, moved into this building in 1933 and has occupied the building continuously since then.</p><br>
<p>Detroit Savings Bank (6438 Woodward), 1916 the Detroit Savings Bank is two story Neoclassical structure designed by Albert Kahn and built in 1916. It was used by the Detroit Savings Bank until at least 1956. The façade walls are clad in smooth limestone. The front façade has a two-story tall recessed entrance portico containing a central entrance door flanked by Doric columns. The side facing Milwaukee has nine two-story tall narrow openings containing metal frame windows with metal siding above.</p><br>
<h3>East side of Woodward, Milwaukee - Grand Boulevard</h3><br>
<p>Liggett Drug Store (6500 Woodward), 1929 This one-story Art Deco brick building was constructed in 1929 with a brightly colored terra cotta façade and red tile hip roof. The building is split into four storefronts framed with tan colored terra cotta bands, with the wall above covered in orange, green, tan and black terra cotta tiles set in an elaborate multi-colored chevron pattern. The Liggett Drug Store moved into the building in upon opening and remained a tenant building through at least 1940.</p><br>
<p>Neisner Brothers (6520 Woodward), 1929 This one-story brick building was constructed in 1929 for Neisner Brothers of Rochester, New York, who remained in the building through at least 1957. The storefront is framed in limestone and limestone panels are inserted in the wall above the storefront.</p><br>
<p>Sanders Confectionery (6532-34 Woodward), 1928 – Non-Contributing The Sanders Confectionery building was constructed by Fred Sanders in 1928, and remained a confectionery store until at least 1957. It is a single-story brick commercial building with a metal and glass storefront.</p><br>
<p>Center Theater (6538-40 Woodward), c. 1900 This building was constructed as a two-store retail space sometime around 1900. In 1930 it contained a restaurant, and in 1933 one of the stores was converted into the Center Theater. In 1952 the building was converted back into retail space. The upper part of the front is clad in enameled metal panels that now have a stucco-like coating.</p><br>
<p>6550-68 Woodward, c. 1896 This three-story commercial building in the corner of Grand Boulevard and Woodward retains many of its Victorian features. It was originally built around 1896, with an addition built in about 1920. Aluminum-framed glass storefronts occupy the ground floor, and the upper two floors contain five projecting thee-sided wood bays with double-hung windows. Atop the building is a parapet wall with a small cornice.</p><br>
<h3>West side of Woodward, Milwaukee - Grand Boulevard</h3><br>
<p>Dime Savings Bank, 6501 Woodward, 1915 The Dime Savings Bank is a three-story buff brick building constructed in 1915. In 1941, the front section was removed to accommodate the widening of Woodward Avenue. Enameled metal panels, covering the first floor, were installed in the early 1950s. Five second-floor windows with limestone sills and shallow arch-top openings and are spaced equally across the front façade, and seven similar windows are in the third floor.</p><br>
<p>6513-29 Woodward, 1941 This building is a single story Moderne commercial building, originally clad with enameled metal panels, constructed in 1941, after the widening of Woodward Avenue. Some of the front façade has been remodeled with other materials, and the six-storefront wide structure now appears to be three separate buildings.</p><br>
<p>Norwood Theater/Sanders Confectionery (6531-35 Woodward), 1915 The Norwood Theater is a two-story building designed by Henry Joy and constructed in 1915. A new façade was applied in 1941 after the widening of Woodward Avenue. In 1952 the theatre was replaced with. In 1966, Fred Sanders moved his Sanders Confectionery from the building across Woodward and opened a store and restaurant in the entire space. The storefront has three concrete arches across the center of the façade, and the upper floor is covered in painted enameled metal panels.</p><br>
<p>6541-49 Woodward, 1941 In 1941, Victor Bressler began construction on this building, which now houses three storefronts of unequal widths.</p><br>
<p>F. W. Woolworth Store (6565 Woodward), 1940 In 1940, the Henry Block at the southwest corner of Woodward and West Grand Boulevard was demolished to make room for the widening of Woodward Avenue. This limestone two-story Moderne commercial building was built in its place. The structure was designed by architects Hyde and Williams and built by the Barton-Malow Company to house a Woolworth&#39;s department store. The building was constructed with two retail areas. The building was designed with varying roof heights and a square corner tower positioned slightly back from the Woodward facade. The tower has raised decorative blocks in a column near the edge and an original flagpole.</p><br>
<p>The Little Sioux River Bridge is a historic structure located northwest of Spencer, Iowa, United States. It spans the Little Sioux River for 180 ft. The bridge was originally located at Main Street, south of downtown Spencer over the same river. Two previous bridges had been located at the original location beginning in 1875, with a replacement in 1889. Clay County contracted with Clinton Bridge and Iron Works from Clinton, Iowa in 1900 to build this Pennsylvania through truss span. Completed the following year, it is the rare example of this type of bridge built in Iowa. A concrete arch span replaced this bridge in 1915, and it was moved to its current location the same year. The concrete abutments were built by Thor Construction Company from Cedar Falls, Iowa. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Samandere Waterfall  is a waterfall in Düzce Province, northwestern Turkey. It is the first ever registered natural monument of the country.</p><br>
<h2>Location and access</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall is located in Samandere village of Beyköy district, 24 km southeast of Düzce. It is 15 km far from Beyköy, 26 km from the state highway and 20 km from the motorway. The road to the waterfall on a length of 15 km was widened and asphalted for easy access in 2015.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the municipality of Düzce launched free-of-charge transportation by bus to the waterfall from the city center on daily basis during the summer months.</p><br>
<h2>Waterfall</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall is on a tributary of Uğur Creek, which flows into Lake Efteni. There is a cave in upstream of the waters forming the waterfall, which submerge and outcrop there. The area consists of monumental trees along the 500 m-long stream, three waterfalls and a deep canyon called "Cadı Kazanı" (literally: Witches Cauldron). The site is a popular visitor attraction, which offers campsites, picnicing areas and hiking trails for outdoor recreation. The waterfall site features a footbridge and observation decks with railing.</p><br>
<p>On December 10, 1988, the waterfall and its surroundings covering an area of 109.96 da, was registered by the Nature Reserve and Nature Parks Administration of the Ministry of Forest and Water Management as the first ever natural monument of the country. The natural monument is run by the Municipality of Düzce according to a protocol signed later by the parts.</p><br>
<p>The waterfall sustained great damage following a flood disaster occurred on July 16-17, 2009. It was restored after maintenance works in 2009 and 2010.</p><br>
<p>Güney Waterfall  is a waterfall in Denizli Province, western Turkey. It is a registered natural monument of the country.</p><br>
<h2>Location and access</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall is located in the Cindere village of the Güney district of Denizli Province. It is 70 km distant from Denizli and 3 km from Güney. The road to the waterfall is paved with cobblestones.</p><br>
<h2>Waterfall</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall is fed by waters of a spring dropping from a height of 20 m, which joins the Büyük Menderes River. The carbonated water dissolved limestone formation rocks and formed travertines on the waterfall base. A cave situated under the waterfall contains a pond.</p><br>
<p>It is a popular visitor attraction. Around 20,000 local and foreign tourists visit the site annually.</p><br>
<p>Used as a local recreational area since the 1960s, the waterfall and its surroundings, which cover an area of 4.98 da, was registered in 1994 as a natural monument by the Nature Reserve and Nature Parks Administration of the Ministry of Forest and Water Management.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 2007, the waterfall faced the risk of disappearance due to drought in the region. To overcome the threat, water was brought by pipeline over a distance of 600 m. The 20 m-high rock wall of the waterfall collapsed following a landslide, which occurred in the afternoon of May 13, 2013. As a result of the rockfall, the waterfall almost disappeared. One person at the site sustained light injuries. In April 2014 workers diverted the stream and reestablished the waterfall about 50 m to the side of the waterfall&#39;s initial location. Facilities were added to the site for outdoor recreation. The waterfall area was also illuminated to accommodate nighttime visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Mayo Building is a historic commercial building at Main and East Streets in downtown Northfield, Vermont. Built in 1902, it is a prominent and imposing example of Classical Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Mayo Building is prominently located in Northfields central Depot Square area, facing that square from across South Main Street (Vermont Route 12). It is a four story masonry structure, with a flat roof, exterior of brick with granite trim, and is the commercial districts tallest building. Its ground floor is divided into two store fronts with a central building entrance. The storefronts are framed by square granite posts at the outer building corners, and by round granite columns that separate them from the main entrance, with recessed store entrances flanked by glass display windows. Second story windows are set in rectangular openings with granite sills and lintels, while third floor windows are in segmented-arch openings with granite keystones and sills. Fourth story windows are also set in segmented-arch openings, but are topped by keystoned granite caps. The facade is capped by a broad cornice and decorative stamped metal entablature.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1902 for Dr. William Mayo, a prominent local politician and businessman. It was designed by Lane & Son of Burlington. It was designed to house the post office and town offices on the ground floor, professional offices on the second floor, apartments on the third, and a Masonic lodge meeting hall on the fourth. It was one of a series of real estate developments by Dr. Mayo, who served the community as a physician for 50 years.</p><br>
<p>The Dan Johnson Farmstead is a historic farm property on United States Route 2 in Williston, Vermont. It was first developed in 1787 by Dan Johnson, one of Williston&#39;s first settlers, and has remained in his family since that time. The property includes three 19th-century houses and a large barn complex, as well as more than 200 acre of land crossed by US 2 and Interstate 89. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dan Johnson Farmstead is located in eastern Williston, with the farm building complex and associated houses located on or near US Route 2 east of Johnson Lane. The farm property consists of about 210 acre, of which the majority is located south of Interstate 89 and east of South Road. The southern portion is used mainly for hay production, with the upland portions gradually reverting to forest. The area north of I-89 is used either for cultivation or as pastureland for dairy cattle. The main building complex is on the north side of US 2, and consists of a c. 1840 Greek Revival farmhouse, a series of connected barns and silos, and a toolshed. On the east side of Johnson Lane, near I-89, stands a c. 1898 farmhouse with Queen Anne features, and a third farmhouse, originally built to house tenant workers, stands at the eastern end of the farm fields on the south side of US 2.</p><br>
<p>The farm property was settled in 1787 by Dan Johnson, who was, along with members of the states prominent Chittenden family, one of Willistons first proprietors. The Greek Revival farmhouse was probably built by Johnsons son Nathan, as were some of the surviving barns. Nathan and later his son John expanded the dairy aspect of the farm operation. The property was expanded in the 1920s by the acquisition of the Darling farm to the south, which included the c. 1898 farmhouse on Johnson Lane. I-89 was built through the property beginning in the late 1950s, complicating farm operations, since cattle could readily be driven to the southern tract. As of the farms listing on the National Register in 1993, it was still owned by Johnson descendants.</p><br>
<p>Elvis Presley House is a one-story ranch style house in a residential neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee. Singer Elvis Presley lived here with his parents between March 1956 and March 1957, before moving to Graceland.</p><br>
<h2>About the house</h2><br>
<p>The house is a one-story ranch-style house with concrete foundation and two-car attached garage. It is located in a quiet residential neighborhood. It has four bedrooms and two bathrooms. A brick and metal fence was installed by the Presley family. In the backyard is a motorcycle garage. Elvis installed a pool in the backyard in 1956, which was reported to be the largest residential pool in the city at the time. The pool was removed in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Originally the house was painted green, then white, then green again.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elvis purchased the house on March 12, 1956 for $29,500 from the Welsh Plywood Corporation. Elvis placed a down-payment of $500 on the house. He was 22 years old. The new home was not far from his previous residence at 1414 Getwell Road.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after moving there, Elvis&#39; song Heartbreak Hotel became the most popular song in the nation, and fans mobbed the house. The house quickly became a focal point for fans, media and celebrities to visit. Photos of the house were published in national magazines such as Look, Seventeen, and Parade. Police frequently were called to deal with the mobs of fans who would line the street.</p><br>
<p>The crush of fans and photographers became too much, and after 13 months Elvis moved to Graceland. Elvis sold the Audubon Drive property as part of the purchase of Graceland. Elvis and Graceland owner Ruth Moore swapped residences; Ruth moved into the Audubon home as Elvis moved into Graceland. The property has been sold about eight times since.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in March 2006, shortly before its public auction on eBay.</p><br>
<p>The house was put up for sale via eBay auction in May 2006. However, the house was instead sold to record company executive Mike Curb for a reported one million dollars. Curb turned oversight of the property over to the Mike Curb Institute at Rhodes College</p><br>
<p>The new owners repainted the house from white to a green color similar to the one when Elvis owned it, renovated the fence, and removed the pool. In April 2017, the house was damaged by fire while undergoing renovations. Most of the contents of the house were undamaged because they were safely secured elsewhere at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Plaque</h2><br>
<p>A plaque on the brickwork on the fence reads:</p><br>
<p>Glendalough Upper Lake is a glacial lake near Glendalough, County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located in the Wicklow Mountains area west of Glendalough Early Medieval monastic settlement. Near the southern shore stands a small rectangular church named Temple-na-Skellig, only accessible by boat and a series of steps from the landing stage; a nearby cliff hosts a cave called St. Kevins bed, reputedly a retreat for St. Kevin and later for St. Laurence OToole.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The lake is classified as a ribbon lake. The Upper and the Lower lake were at first united but one of their inflow brought an amount of sediment large enough to divide the original lake in two parts.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Close to the eastern tip of the lake passes the Wicklow Way, a long distance waymarked walking trail, on its way from Rathfarnham in the north to its southerly point of Clonegal.</p><br>
<h2>Nature conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Upper Lake is part of the Wicklow Mountains National Park. Among the plants living near the coast can be cited the white waterlily and the broad-leaved pondweed. Some of its shore is occupied by a marsh with horsetail, bottle sedge and common reed, which is a convenient place to spot dragonflies.</p><br>
<p>The Philip and Anna Parrish Kirchner Log House is a historic building located north of Peterson, Iowa, United States. The Kirchners moved from the Albany, New York area to southwest Clay County in 1867, and built this log house the same year. It is located on part of the property that his older brother A.J. "Gust" Kirchner claimed in 1856. They were among the first Caucasian settlers in the county. A summer kitched was later added to the west side of the house and a blacksmith shop onto the north side. The Kirchners lived here until they built a two-story frame house nearby in 1882. Philip&#39;s sister, Charlotte Kirchner Butler, bought the property after his death and restored the log house to its original condition around 1910, which meant the removal of the summer kitchen and the blacksmith shop. The property remained in the family until at least the 1990s, and housed a display of family artifacts. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Logan Center School No.5 is a historic one-room schoolhouse located south of Dickens, Iowa, United States. The property was bought for a school in 1894 for $20, and the building was constructed the following year. Enrollment here averaged between 25 and 30 students until the 1930s when it started to decline. The school was closed in 1941 when it was incorporated into the Gillett Grove Consolidated School. The building is located in the center of Logan Township. Because the township has no incorporated communities the school building has functions as a township hall, a polling place, and hosts other community events. The building was also used for worship services and religious instruction. The original privy remains in the back, but a woodshed that was part of the historical nomination has subsequently been removed. The schoolhouse and privy were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Bierstadt Lake is located in Larimer County, Colorado</p><br>
<p>The lake sits atop a lateral moraine on the side and end of Bartholf Glacier and drains into Mill Creek. It is named for Albert Bierstadt, a noted landscape artist, whose 1870s paintings of Longs Peak and Bierstadt Lake are among the Denver Art Museum&#39;s collection.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Bierstadt Lake rests on a plateau on the Bierstadt Moraine, which is a "massive" moraine created by debris left from the receding Bartholf Glacier. The glacier, never more than 8 miles long, "originated on the highest mountain in the park". Because it was a steep glacier, "its gouging action was vigorous". Glacial lobes at Glacier Gorge, Loch Vale, and Flattop Mountain joined and moved iced in Barthlolf Park. Debris trapped in the ice created the Bierstadt Moraine that lies between Glacier and Mill Creeks and is more than 1 miles wide and is more than 900 ft above the floor of Bartholf Park. The lake was formed when a dam was made from glacial debris deposits. Water from the lake drains into Mill Creek within the Mill Creek basin, which is a flat valley with a scenic meadow. Author Lisa Foster describes the long glacial ridge as "one of the most dramatic lateral moraines in the Rocky Mountain National Park". On the north side of the moraine is Hollowell Park and the Mill Creek Basin. The steep south side sits above Bear Creek Road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was first called "Hanging Lake" by Native Americans due to its "perched condition" on the side of Bartholf Glacier. In 1876, Bierstadt was commissioned by Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl to make an exceptionally large canvas painting of Longs Peak and Estes Park for $15,000. Bierstadt traveled throughout the area with Theodore Whyte, the earls associate, and created sketches and paintings. The two men also looked for a suitable site, with a great view of Longs Peak, to construct an English hotel for the earl. Bierstadt took a particular interest in the lake, and Whyte is credited for naming the lake in honor of the artist. He "created one of his many spectacular images of the West" at the lake. Harold Marion Dunning, an early historian, chronicled "that Bierstadts favorite place for mountain sketches and material for some of his famous paintings was on the shore of the lake that now bears his name".</p><br>
<p>Bierstadt created a painting of the lake that would bear his name. The work of art is now in the Denver Art Museums collection. According to the Buffalo Bill Center of the West, Peter Hassrick thought that Bierstadts 1877 painting, which has "Whytes Lake" written on its back, may have been initially named for Whyte and later renamed for Bierstadt. There is also a claim that Whytes Lake was a man-made lake that was washed out in a flood the year after the painting was made.</p><br>
<p>The lake was situated on the abandoned Mill Creek Road and near the site of the Mill Creek Ranger Station.</p><br>
<p>By 1907, the Griffith Sawmill near Bierstadt Lake supplied lumber for nearby farming and ranching settlements. Sawmills often operated through the winter, conveying lumber with sleds, to meet the construction needs of the settlers and shopkeepers. Women moved into the area by 1910, after many buildings had been constructed. Lumber from the sawmill was used in the construction of The Stanley Hotel. In 1910, Griffith moved their sawmill to a spur of Highway 66.</p><br>
<h2>Rocky Mountain National Park</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located off of Bear Lake Road in the "Heart of the Park," so named because of the great views and easy access. Trail Gazette states that "different scenic routes provide marvelous opportunities for photographic subjects such as scenery, flora and fauna, geographic and geological features."</p><br>
<p>There are two trails, according to the Rocky Mountain National Park, through dense forests that lead to Bierstadt Lake within the park. which has a sandy beach along the eastern portion of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The scenic Hollowell Park trail leads to the Bierstadt Lake area through dense sagebrush and meadows on the north side of Bierstadt Moraine and to the Mill Creek Basin. Fern Lake and Cub Lake trails are also in the vicinity. No picnicking or fishing is allowed.</p><br>
<p>The Fairfield Street School is a historic school building at 78 Fairfield Street in the city of St. Albans, Vermont. Built in 1911, it served as a school until 1970, and is now converted into residential use. It is a prominent local example of Colonial Revival architecture, designed by Burlington architect Frank Lyman Austin. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Fairfield Street School building stands on the south side of Fairfield Street (Vermont Route 36) on the city&#39;s residential east side. It is a large two-story brick building, with flat roof and concrete foundation. It has a raised basement, separated from the main floors by a stone stringcourse. The main facade is divided into three large bays defined by slightly recessed panels. The outer bays have bands of five sash windows on each floor, while the center bay has windows in a 1-3-1 pattern on the second floor, and single windows flanking the recessed entrance on the raised ground floor. The roof line has a modillioned and dentillated cornice, and is topped by a parapet that is gabled at the center.</p><br>
<p>The city of St. Albans experienced significant growth between 1874 and 1910, resulting in the construction of a number of elementary schools. Crowding continued to be a problem, and this school was built in 1911 to address that issue. It served the city as an elementary school until 1970, when the St. Albans Elementary School opened, consolidating all of the city&#39;s elementary school students into a single facility. This building then served as a mental health services outpatient clinic, before its conversion to residential use in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Knoll Farm, also formerly known as McLaughlin Farm, is a historic farm property at 700 Bragg Hill Road in Fayston, Vermont. The farm has seen agricultural use since 1804, and the patterns of use are evident in the surviving farm buildings and landscape. The property, is still actively farmed and also used as a retreat center and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Knoll Farm is located in an upland area above the village of Fayston, and is bounded on its west by Bragg Hill Road. The farm property consists of about 140 acre, with a broad open area extending east from the farm complex, which stands near Bragg Hill Road. The eastern and northern portions of the property are a steeper hillside area, historically used for timber production, is now the home for a nationally respected retreat center. The open areas of the farm are a combination of pasture, hay fields, and gardens. The farmstead is separated from the road by an old alignment of Bragg Hill Road, which now serves as a parking area for farm visitors. The farmstead complex includes a 1904 wood-frame farmhouse, a mid-to-late 19th century bank barn set between the old and new alignments of the road, and a second c. 1880 barn east of the house that was moved to this site from the valley below in 1923.</p><br>
<p>This property was first farmed in the early 19th century by Rufus Barrett. It was considered a favorable property due to its extensive southern exposure, which provided for early snow melt and a longer growing season. Unlike larger farm properties in the Mad River below, its proprietors did not specialize, engaging in a diverse variety of farming activities. It was owned between 1874 and 1935 by three generations of the McLaughlin family, and most of its buildings date to their period of ownership. Farming for profit ended on the property with the McLaughlin&#39;s sale of the property in 1935, at which time it became an inn serving the automobile tourist trade. Low-level agricultural activities have continued on the property since then, including by recent ownership, which raises sheep and blueberries while also operating a small conference center on the site.</p><br>
<p>Knoll Farm was purchased in 1957 by Ann Day and family who stewarded the property for 50 years and connected the farm to a new generation of social and environmental activism. In the 1980s Ann began traveling to Nicaragua through the American Friends Service Committee and made Knoll Farm a place of refuge for people fleeing the civil war for asylum in Canada. Ann would also honor the nature and history of Knoll Farm by making one of the earliest conservation agreements to permanently protect the land in 1982 with the Vermont Land Trust.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the current owners of Knoll Farm, Peter Forbes, Helen Whybrow and their family, purchased the farm from Ann Day and Vermont Land Trust after being chosen in a competition to bring a new vision to the farm. Active farming returned to Knoll Farm then as did a new generation of “natural-build” buildings which reflect the new owner’s commitment to environmental sustainability and education. In 2004, Forbes and Whybrow created Center for Whole Communities, a nonprofit leadership organization, which gathered thousands of social justice and environmental activists and leaders at the farm for a period of 12 years. In 2008, the farm returned to running entirely on wood and sun, a source of energy for the farm that had been replaced by fossil fuels in the 1940s. Today, Knoll Farm is a model working farm specializing in organic fruit production, Icelandic sheep, solar energy production and being a place of refuge for community leaders from around the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Jonesville Academy is a historic school building at Cochran and Duxbury Roads in Richmond, Vermont. Built about 1868, it is a prominent local example of Italianate school architecture, and was used as a school until 1955. It is now in private ownership as a residence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Jonesville Academy building stands south of the now-rural village of Jonesville, on the south side of the Winooski River at the junction of Cochran and Duxbury Roads. Oriented facing west to Cochran Road, it is a two-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. A square tower projects slightly from the front facade, rising to a pyramidal roof with a broad eave. The main entrance is at the base of the tower, sheltered by a heavy Italianate hood. Above the entrance is a double sash window, above which a smaller but similarly featured hood projects. The main roof gable and eaves are decorated with paired Italianate brackets.</p><br>
<p>The school was built about 1868, and is a fine example of an Italianate schoolhouse in rural Vermont. It originally served as Richmond&#39;s high school, located in what was at the time a busy mill village. It was later converted into a grade school, and was finally closed in 1955. It served for a time as a hall for the local Grange chapter, and eventually reverted to private ownership. Part of the building has been converted into residential use, carefully preserving many of its original interior features.</p><br>
<p>The WJBK-TV Studios Building is a broadcasting building located at 7441 Second Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. It is the only building in Detroit designed by noted Palm Beach, Florida architect John L. Volk. The property is currently owned by Halcor Studio Live LLC.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>WJBK began as an AM radio station (now WLQV) in Detroit. In 1947 the stations television license was awarded by the Federal Communications Commission to George B. Storers Fort Industry Broadcasting, the forerunner to Storer Communications. WJBK-TV began broadcasting on Channel 2 in Detroit on October 24, 1948 as a CBS affiliate. It was the third television station to go on the air in Detroit. The station began broadcasting from the Detroit Masonic Temple, but in 1956 Storer commissioned John L. Volk to design this studio. Storer and Volk were friends, and Storer had already commissioned a long string of works from Volk. The building was constructed that year, and WJBK moved its operations here.</p><br>
<p>Multiple shows were produced by Storer in the building, including its newscast, Sagebush Shorty, and Sir Graves Ghastly. However, by 1971, WJBK had outgrown the studio and operations were moved to a newer building on Nine Mile Road in Southfield. The Detroit building was sold to Detroit&#39;s public television station WTVS, Channel 56, for $750,000. WTVS used it until 2009, when they sold it to Mosaic Youth Theatre of Detroit. Mosaic used the building until 2014, when it was sold to a developer.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former WJBK-TV Studios Building is a two-story red brick Georgian Revival structure with limestone trim and brick quoins. The front facade has a projecting central section with a limestone-trimmed entry portico with flanked by Ionic columns. Equally spaced aluminum six-over-six double-hung windows run on either side of the entrance, and above on the second floor. Atop that is a tall frieze, classical cornice, and a limestone trimmed pediment with an oval window in the center.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is divided into two sections: the office/administrative portion and the studio portion. The office portion contains a long rectangular entrance lobby and waiting room paneled with cypress wood, and a large two story open staircase, with curbed transition between rungs, in the center. The studio portion holds two studio spaces and a control room. The studio space was intended to be divided up, holding different sets in the studio at one time as needed.</p><br>
<p>The Woman’s Club of Evanston is a historic house in Evanston, Illinois and is the headquarters for the social club of the same name. It is located at 1702 Chicago Avenue. On November 9, 2006, the clubhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<h3>Social club</h3><br>
<p>The organization currently located at 1702 Chicago Avenue was founded on March 2, 1889 at the Judson Avenue home of Women&#39;s Suffrage movement leader Elizabeth Boynton Harbert. Originally an informal group, the club drafted an official constitution the following year, stating their purpose as: “To secure better homes, wiser motherhood, better laws, truer citizenship and a nobler womanhood by promoting the physical, social, mental, moral and spiritual development of its members.” Three years later, this statement was revised and condensed to "Mutual helpfulness in all affairs of life, and united effort toward the higher development of humanity."</p><br>
<h3>Current building</h3><br>
<p>In February, 1910, under the supervision of Mrs. Avis Grant, a building committee was organized to oversee the construction of a new clubhouse, and in January, 1911, a lot at the corner of Church Street and Chicago Avenue was purchased. Architect Ernest A. Mayo was commissioned to create the building. Ground was broken that February and the cornerstone was laid on May 28, 1912. The completed building was unveiled in an open gala reception on March 11, 1913.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Woman’s Club building is in the late 19th/early 20th century Revival style. Both the foundation and the walls are made of brick, while the roof is slate. Exterior window trim is white, and the Club features large glass windows on one side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the beginning, the club has worked locally and around the Chicago metropolitan area to create change in causes such as Woman&#39;s Suffrage, child labor laws, public health, sanitation, and home management. By the turn of the century, the Club was organizing awareness and fundraising galas that were notable Evanston cultural and social events.</p><br>
<p>The club&#39;s first major project was to establish a hospital in Evanston. A series of epidemics including typhoid fever and smallpox in the 1880s and 1890s prompted the raising of $3,600 towards the creation of the Evanston Hospital. Since its founding, the Woman’s Club of Evanston has promoted the advancement of public health. It helped organize the in 1897 and paid the salary of the first visiting nurse.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, the club entertained servicemen, sponsored Red Cross knitting and sewing groups and provided an ambulance for the Red Cross in France. After the war, their food conservation efforts were converted into support for the opening of a community kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Since its inception, the Woman’s Club of Evanston has been involved in promoting culture and the arts, including the 1922 creation of an annual art exhibition in the Clubhouse for community artists.</p><br>
<p>For its 1989 centennial, the Woman&#39;s Club was recognized and honored in a program put on by Evanston Hospital, the Visiting Nurses Association, Girl Scouts of America, and Boy Scouts of America.</p><br>
<p>On November 9, 2006, the club&#39;s headquarters was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>The club today</h2><br>
<p>The club currently has over 350 members, and is active in volunteer work, community mobilization, and social bonding. In addition to its role as the meeting point for the club, the Clubhouse is a prominent location for events such as weddings, fundraisers, parties, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, and community gatherings.</p><br>
<p>Today, their mission statement is phrased as: "Connecting women behind a shared purpose of volunteerism, social empowerment and community support."</p><br>
<p>Rathfranpark Wedge Tomb is a wedge-shaped gallery grave and National Monument located in County Mayo, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Rathfranpark Wedge Tomb is located 4 km northwest of Killala village, overlooking the Palmerstown River and Killala Bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This wedge tomb was built c. 2500–2000 BC, in the Copper or Bronze Age.</p><br>
<p>A stone circle once stood close to the tomb until the 1950s, when the stones were uprooted and dumped onto the wedge tomb.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The tomb has a gallery over 3 m long and 2 m wide, with side walls composed of boulders up to 1.8 m high. The gallery axis is ENE-WSW, so the ENE end points towards the rising sun at the summer solstice.</p><br>
<p>The Pilgrim and Puritan Apartment Complex is a historic apartment building located at 9303–9333 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. It is a large and intact example of a courtyard style of apartment building complex, not found elsewhere on East Jefferson Avenue. The Pilgrim and Puritan provided housing for Detroit&#39;s growing professional and middle-class during a time when the surrounding area was being developed with luxury apartment buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Harry Silverman was born in Romania and emigrated to Brooklyn, New York in 1905 at the age of eighteen. He trained as a building contractor, and in 1912 moved to Detroit and in 1913 started his own firm where he developed and quickly sold apartment building complexes. John B. Whitley was a born in Halifax, England, and came to Detroit in 1915 at the age of 35. There he opened his own real estate firm. Both Silverman and Whitley were Masons, which is presumably how they met. In 1924, the two men formed a partnership to construct a trio of apartment buildings next to each other: the Pilgrim, the Puritan, and the Plymouth (now demolished).</p><br>
<p>Silverman and Whitley brought in architect Charles N. Agree to design the apartment complexes, and construiction was completed in 1924. In 1925, Silverman sold his interest to Whitley, ending their partnership. The first residents of the apartment Complex were Detroit&#39;s rising professional and middle class, and included a number of salesmen, executives, clerks, teachers, doctors and nurses. The buildings have continued in use as apartments since construction. The Plymouth was demolished in the mid-1980s, while the Pilgrim and Puritan were renovated about the same time. There are plans for a second rehabilitation of the Pilgrim and Puritan.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Pilgrim and Puritan Apartment Complex consists of two nearly identical U-shaped four story red brick apartment buildings with flat roofs. The center entrance is reached through the courtyard formed by the U. Neoclassical and Commercial Brick elements are used on the buildings in an asymmetrical way to create an overall symmetric appearance. The raised basement portion of the building is clad with limestone, and red brick walls (rusticated on the first floor) extend above. A short wall with fencing is between the two.</p><br>
<p>The Landskrone in the borough of Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate is a hill, in the Middle Rhine area. It used to be called the Gimmiger Berg and Gymmicher Kupp, but is now named after the ruins of the imperial castle of which are found on its heights. On the western hillside of the Landskrone is the Chapel of Our Lady of Perpetual Succour  or St. Mary&#39;s Chapel .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Landskrone is part of the northern foothills of the lower Ahr Valley. It lies east of Bad Neuenahr between Gimmigen in the north-northwest and Heppingen in the west, Heimersheim in the south and Lohrsdorf in the east, all belonging to the borough of Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler. To the south the River Ahr flows past from east to west, which is joined by the Leimersdorfer Bach (Heppinger Bach) to the southwest and to the Lohrsdorfer Bach to the east-southeast.</p><br>
<p>The Detroit News Complex consists of two buildings: a historic office building at 615 West Lafayette Boulevard in Detroit, Michigan, and an associated parking structure, located across the street at 901 West Lafayette. The two buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. The main building held the offices of the Detroit News until 2013, and was also the site of the first commercial radio broadcast  in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Detroit News was founded in 1873 by James E. Scripps, who controlled the paper until his death in 1906. He was succeeded by his son-in-law George Gough Booth. The papers circulation grew rapidly in the 20th century, with over 100,000 in 1906 and over 225,000 in 1918. Booth, foreseeing this growth, planned to expand the papers offices then on Shelby Street. However, the paper&#39;s growth exceeded the constraints of the space, and in 1913 the New acquired this block on Lafayette for $250,000. The site at the time included the 1858 home of Zachariah Chandler, a remnant of when the area had been a fashionable residential district.</p><br>
<p>Booth hired architect Albert Kahn to design the new building. The two men worked together on the design, with Booth detailing his vision of a grand, civic-minded refinement of the essentially industrial nature of the building. Ground was broken at the site In November 1915, and construction was completed by October 1917 at a cost of $2,000,000. Additions to the structure were made almost immediately: in 1918 a paper storage warehouse, also designed by Kahn, was added, and in 1920-21 a sixth floor was added to the original building. In 1924, a parking garage across Third Avenue was constructed, containing retail shops and a full-service garage in addition to parking spaces. In 1920, radio station WWJ began broadcasting from the building. WWJ was the first commercial radio broadcaster in the United States.</p><br>
<p>This building remained the home of the Detroit News for nearly a century. However, fortunes of the newspaper industry declined, particularly in Detroit. In 1998, as part of the Joint Operation Agreement between the News and the Detroit Free Press, Free Press staff vacated the Detroit Free Press Building and moved here. In 2014, the Free Press and News staff moved operations to leased space in the former Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building, and this building was sold to Bedrock Real Estate, a branch of Quicken Loans.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Detroit News complex consists of two buildings constructed in 1915-1924: the Detroit News Building and the associated Parking Garage.</p><br>
<h3>Detroit News Building</h3><br>
<p>The Detroit News Building consists of three components covering an entire city block. The main section, constructed in 1915-17, occupies the east half of the block. It is a six story, commercial-style building, constructed with a steel frame and reinforced concrete clad in limestone. Adjoining this building is the 1918-19 Paper Storage Warehouse addition. Single story additions built in 1921 and 1924 fill the remaining portion of the block. The three street-facing sides of the building are faced in buff Indiana Limestone atop a low gray granite base. The facades between the outer bays feature arches at ground level, separated by raised piers rising to the fifth floor.</p><br>
<h3>Parking Garage</h3><br>
<p>The 200-space parking garage was constructed across Third Avenue from the News Building in 1924. The structure is a five story building with rooftop parking, constructed with a steel-frame and reinforced concrete. The facade is constructed in Art Deco style, using the same buff-colored brick and limestone trim materials as the Warehouse addition. The parking garage&#39;s front on Third is visually dominated by a central tower with projecting corner bays.</p><br>
<p>The Middlesex–Winooski River Bridge is a steel girder bridge carrying USA Route 2  across the Winooski River in a rural area on the town line between Moretown and Middlesex, Vermont. The two-span bridge was built in 2010, replacing a 1928 three-span Pratt through truss, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The Middlesex–Winooski River Bridge is located northwest of the village center of Middlesex, in the Winooski River floodplain. The river flows north at the crossing, ultimately heading northwesterly to Burlington and Lake Champlain. The bridge is set at an angle on concrete abutments and pier, with an orientation from southeast to northwest. The bridge was built in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Historic bridge</h2><br>
<p>The historic bridge was set in a similar orientation to the modern bridge. It had two long spans, each 120 ft, carried by Pratt through trusses, and short 57 ft girder span at the north end. The bridge trusses were fabricated by the American Bridge Company and the bridge was completed in 1928. In 1927, this part of the Winooski River watershed was subjected some of the states most devastating flooding. US 2 was at that time the principal road artery between Burlington and Montpelier, and many bridges (both highway and railroad) were either swept away or suffered significant damage, resulting in the isolation of Middlesex village. The 1928 bridge was built as part of the states crash program to build more than 1,200 bridges.</p><br>
<p>McDermott&#39;s Castle is a castle and National Monument located in County Roscommon, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>McDermott&#39;s Castle is located on Castle Island, an island of 0.23 ha (0.57 ac) in the southeast corner of Lough Key.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mac Diarmada were the ruling dynasty of Magh Luirg (Moylurg; northeast Connacht) from the 10th to 16th centuries. A castle stood on this island from the 12th century: in 1184, the Annals of Loch Cé report that a lightning bolt caused a fire:</p><br>
<p>A rebuilt castle featured in the final part of the 1235 conquest of Connacht by Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught. The castle came under siege, first by a raft-mounted catapult, and then by fire ships. Cormac MacDermott, King of Moylurg, was forced to surrender.</p><br>
<p>A poem addressed to Tomaltach an Einigh mac Diarmata (King of Moylurg 1421–58) tells the story of the Hag of Lough Key who used (or abused) Cormac MacDermott&#39;s (king 1218–44) hospitality by staying on the Rock for a full year, and laid upon the McDermotts the obligation of perpetual hospitality.</p><br>
<p>The McDermotts lost the island in 1586. Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa wrote a poem lamenting the castle&#39;s emptiness.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 the island and castle featured in an episode of sitcom Moone Boy, as the residence of the mysterious "Island Joe."</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Isaac Weld, writing in 1832, describes as part of "the castle proper" two rooms, one above the other, each 36 × 22 feet (11 × 7 m), with walls 7½ feet (2.2 m) thick. It is not clear whether this refers to part of the original castle, or the later construction.</p><br>
<p>Currently a folly castle built c. 1800 by the King family stands on the island. It was built as a summer house and burned down during the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The Martin L. Kelsey House is a historic house at 43 Elmwood Avenue in Burlington, Vermont. Built in 1879 for a local merchant, it is a distinctive and architecturally varied house, with elements of the Second Empire, Queen Anne, and Stick styles on display. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and now forms part of a senior housing complex.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Martin L. Kelsey House stands just north of downtown Burlington, on the west side of Elmwood between Pearl and Grant Streets in a mixed residential-commercial area. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof on the main block providing a full third floor. Ells of decreasing size and height extend to the rear of the house, which is set on a small parcel now surrounded by parking lots. The exterior has a large number of decorative elements borrowing from a variety of architectural styles. The mansard roof has a flared lower section, and is crowned by a band of wooden squares with recessed panels. Its dormers have steeply pitched gabled roofs, with elaborate Stick style decoration, and whose windows are framed by Italianate moulding. A large gabled section projects on the left side also with Stick decoration and a finial at the top of the ridge. The main facade is three bays wide, with bands of paneled woodwork below the groundfloor windows and between the first and second-floor windows. An entrance is in the right bay, with an Italianate porch featuring a valance of square panels similar to those that crown the roof. A second porch with similar styling extends along the left side to the projecting section.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1879, in what was at the time a fashionable residential area north of Burlington&#39;s main commercial business district. Martin L. Kelsey, for whom it was built, owned a shoe and boot store on Church Street just two blocks away. His neighbors were similar well-to-do merchants and professionals. As the business district expanded, the neighborhood declined. The house was converted into apartments, and many of its neighbors were demolished in the 1960s. It has since been made part of McKenzie House, a senior housing complex.</p><br>
<p>Breastagh Ogham Stone  is a ogham stone and National Monument located in County Mayo, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Breastagh Ogham Stone stands in a field 4.2 km north-northwest of Killala town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone is believed to have been erected during the Bronze Age, and the carving added perhaps around AD 550–900.</p><br>
<p>The ogham stone was found lying in a field in April 1874 by an English tourist, W.K. Dover, and brought to the attention of Sir Samuel Ferguson, who had it re-erected.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Breastagh Ogham Stone is a pillar of stone measuring 366 × 76 × 60 cm and has Ogham carvings incised on two edges. (, "Legescad, son of Corrbrias, son of Ammllogitt") is carved on it. This is believed to refer to a grandson of Amalgaid mac Fiachrae (d. AD 440), King of Connacht of the Uí Fiachrach, who gives his name to the barony of Tirawley (Tír Amhlaidh).</p><br>
<p>G.A.R. Memorial Hall, also known as the Algona Schoolhouse, is a historic building located in Algona, Iowa, United States. It was built as the citys first schoolhouse in 1867, and moved to this location in 1887. The two-story frame Italianate structure features a gable roof, bracketed eaves, and wood lap siding. It originally had a belfry in the center of the roof, but it was removed at some point. After the building was moved it was used by the James C. Taylor Post No. 165 of the Grand Army of the Republic , which had been organized in 1883. During the G.A.R.s ownership the first floor was used as a library from 1899-1904. Because of declining numbers, the local G.A.R. Post gave the building to Hagg Post No. 90 of the American Legion Post in 1919 who used it for their clubhouse until 1967. At that time the Kossuth County Historical Society acquired the building, and they use it for a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The château de Maulnes, is a 16th-century, Renaissance-style château located in Cruzy-le-Châtel in the department of Yonne, France.</p><br>
<p>This château was built between 1566 and 1573 and has several unique design features. For example, it has a novel pentagonal-shaped house and is buttressed by five towers, and has a centrally located well surrounded by a spiral staircase.</p><br>
<p>During the 20th century, the château was in an advanced state of disrepair. In 1942, the château was classified as a historic monument and in 1997 it was purchased by the Conseil General of Yonne. It has since been the focus of historical and archaeological research and restoration. In 2005, the château was made open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The "motte of Maulnes"</h3><br>
<p>The site on which the château stands is believed to have been occupied since the Neolithic era. The earliest reference to the area is found in a book written in the year 863 called "Molnitum".</p><br>
<p>A fortified structure, known as the "motte of Maulnes", was built in a clearing within the forest Maulnes, by the counts of Tonnerre in the 13th century. The time-frame has been confirmed by references made in historical writings as well as research using aerial photography. This structure is thought to have facilitated the counts in hunting activities, such as in the company of distinguished guests including the Duke of Burgundy Philip the Bold, who came to hunt in 1366 and 1374.</p><br>
<p>In 1411, a quarrel broke out between the Count of Tonnerre (Louis II of Chalon-Arlay) and the Duke of Burgundy (John the Fearless). As a consequence, the Burgundian troops invaded the county and destroyed this structure, as well as others.</p><br>
<h3>The project</h3><br>
<p>A century and a half later, after the death of her first husband, the countess of Tonnerre, Louise de Clermont, married Antoine de Crussol, Duke of Uzes, Both were influential and well known figures, close to the court of France as well as the Queen herself, Catherine de Medici.</p><br>
<p>In 1566, the couple decided to build a château in the forest Maulnes where the "motte of Maulnes" once stood. By this time, the sixty-two year old Louise had considerable exposure to and appreciation for architecture. For example, her brother, Antoine III of Clermont, entrusted the architect Sebastiano Serlio to building him a château in Ancy-le-Franc, near Maulnes, about 25 years earlier.</p><br>
<p>With the signing of the Edict of Amboise in 1563, France enjoyed a brief period of peace from internal religious wars, allowing for a large scale project, such as building the Château de Maulnes, to come to fruition.</p><br>
<p>Antoine de Crussol, who became Duke of Uzes in May 1565, no longer had a residence worthy of his rank in the county. The château would stand as a symbol of his newly acquired power, if not by its size, then by its beauty and architectural originality.</p><br>
<p>The location of the château in the forest was likely chosen due to nearby hunting opportunities as well as the economic incentive for extracting timber from the vast forests of the region. At the time, the sale of firewood to Paris was the most important resource of the region.</p><br>
<h3>The construction (1566 - 1573)</h3><br>
<p>On May 7, 1566, Antoine de Crussol signed a notarized contract to hire a master mason and a master carpenter and provided them with detailed plans of the Château de Maulnes. While there is much speculation regarding the possible architect for the project, the designer is not known.</p><br>
<p>In February 1568, following a period of religious unrest, the Prince of Conde&#39;s army occupied the suburbs of Tonnerre and besieged the city, relenting with the payment of a ransom. In November, the Catholic troops seized Noyers (Yonne), and about a year later the army of Marshal de Cosse arrived and restored the peace in Tonnerre.</p><br>
<p>Despite these setbacks, progress on the construction continued. In September 1569, Louise de Clermont moved to Maulnes, and furnished the château. In January 1570, Antoine de Crussol joined her in the completed château. The second project, constructing the adjoining buildings, may have started in August 1570, after the departure of Crussol who joined the French court in later life.</p><br>
<p>In 1572, Antoine de Crussol was made peerage of France, for his Duchy of Uzes. During this time, tensions in the country were particularly high between Catholics and Protestants. On August 24, 1572 Anthoine&#39;s brother Galiot became one of the victims of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. From January to July 1573, Antoine de Crussol participated in the siege of La Rochelle. He returned to Château de Maulnes exhausted and ill and died August 14, 1573.</p><br>
<h3>The Clermont-Tonnerre period (1573 - 1697)</h3><br>
<p>Once again a widow, Louise de Clermont spent her remaining years between Paris, Tonnerre, Ancy-le-Franc and Maulnes. After May 1575, she did not return to Maulnes and entrusted the building to two men. In 1576, the Château de Maulnes, was listed in a publication as one of the top 30 exceptional buildings in France.</p><br>
<p>In the following years, Louise faced legal trials filed against her as well as the estates of her deceased husbands. At 92 years old, she died in May 1596 in the Hotel-Dieu de Tonnerre.Louise de Clermont died childless and with unresolved legal problems. In March 1606, her great-nephew and heir Charles-Henri de Clermont reached an agreement with the creditors. After a paying out a settlement, he became Count of Tonnerre, Cruzy and Maulnes. In 1610 Charles-Henri made enhancements to the ceiling in the great hall.</p><br>
<p>Charles-Henri also divided the regions of Maulnes and Cruzy, and made his youngest son marquess and his oldest son the count of Clermont and Tonnerre.</p><br>
<p>Despite these preparations for his sons, after his death in 1640, his eldest son François de Clermont claimed that some of the possessions of his brother Roger, to have always belonged to Tonnerre County. That same year, his representative took possession of the château de Maulnes. It is not known if it was inhabited by either brother, however an engraving of Israel Silvestre in 1650 suggests that it was in a state of neglect. With respect to the ownership of the château, in 1658 a judgment of parliament sided with the younger brother Roger, Marquess of Cruzy.</p><br>
<p>A fortified structure, known as the "motte of Maulnes", was built in a clearing within the forest Maulnes, by the counts of Tonnerre in the 13th century. The time-frame has been confirmed by references made in historical writings as well as research using aerial photography. This structure is thought to have facilitated the counts in hunting activities, such as in the company of distinguished guests including the Duke of Burgundy Philip the Bold, who came to hunt in 1366 and 1374.</p><br>
<p>Between 1650 and 1670, In 1647 Roger returned from the armies of Flanders and between 1650 and 1670 he made modifications and repairs to château de Maulnes.</p><br>
<h3>The Louvois period (1697 - 1844)</h3><br>
<p>Between 1683 and 1685, François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois bought Tonnerre county from François-Joseph Clermont, the grandson of Francis and the grand-nephew of Roger. Louvois was well known for his role as the French Secretary of State for War.</p><br>
<p>Louvois died in 1691 and his widow, Anne de Souvré maintained possession of Tonnerre county. In June 1697, Anne bought Maulnes and Cruzy from Rogers son, who was experiencing financial difficulties, and thus taking possession of the château de Maulnes and reuniting Charles-Henris divided estate.</p><br>
<p>Anne de Souvré drew a detailed map of the forest Maulnes and died in December 1715. The estate is settled six years later, and Maulnes was again abandoned.</p><br>
<p>In 1721, the eldest son of Louvois, Michel-François Le Tellier marquis Courtanvaux, inherited Tonnerre County, but he died soon thereafter. His daughter, Anne-Louise de Noailles, received temporary guardianship until his two-year-old son, Francis Tellier Caesar Courtanvaux, became an adult.</p><br>
<p>In 1723, the royal council of finance authorized timber to float from Maulnes to Paris by the Armançon, Yonne and the Seine rivers. As a consequence, a small community of workers formed around the château. As an adult, Francis continued the timber operations.</p><br>
<p>In 1775, the timber merchants near the château received permission from the Marquis to start a glassworks industry, which was more profitable than selling timber. This industry transformation significantly changed the landscape of Maulnes with the gradual clearing of the forest and the growth of the community.</p><br>
<p>In 1781, the Marquis died with no direct heir. His cousin Louis-Sophie Le Tellier Souvré, son of François-Louis Le Tellier, became Count of Tonnerre. He died in debt four years later and his widow Jeanne Marie Henriette Bombelles Victory supervised the estate on behalf of her two-year-old son. Both survived the French Revolution and the abolition of French feudalism and regained the property and she managed it until her death in 1822.</p><br>
<p>In 1806, a note drafted by the subprefect of Tonnerre described the processes and in the production of Maulnes glassware, specifically mentioning production of 300,000 bottles per year. This production could only occur 6 months out of the year due to timber limitations of the forest of Maulnes.</p><br>
<p>When he took over the management of glassware in 1819, Louis Le Tellier Souvré became a peer of France under the Restoration. In 1804, his son, Auguste Felicite Michel Le Tellier, married Athénaïs Grimaldi of Monaco, daughter of Joseph Grimaldi and niece of the Prince of Monaco Grimaldi Honoré IV.</p><br>
<p>In 1819, production doubled and the local glassware industry was employing a hundred workers, in addition to the loggers and valets.</p><br>
<p>In 1824 the Maulnes estate was rented to a master came glassmaker from Bayel, François Vallory. In 1834, the financially ruined Marquis de Louvois sold Maulnes, including the château, to the glassmaker. In 1844, François closed the estate, facing his own financial difficulties.</p><br>
<h3>Period of abandonment (1844 - 1997)</h3><br>
<p>The château and the surrounding land was sold in 1851 to Gabriel Knight, a banker from Châtillon-sur-Seine, who abandoned the château. After his death in 1866, succession documents describe the buildings "in poor condition". In the 1880s, some repairs were undertaken. After the bankruptcy of Adrian Knight, the Maulnes estate is purchased by the Prunier family in 1898. It then passed into the hands of the industrialist Ferdinand Serres and his son, who own it from 1918 to 1960. It is believed these successive owners were more interested in the land and woods surrounding the château, since the château itself was not maintained and gradually falls into serious disrepair during this period.</p><br>
<p>On 11 July 1942, le château de Maulnes was classified by France&#39;s Service des Monuments Historiques, who unsuccessfully attempted repairs in 1943 and 1944. In 1960, the deed of sale indicates "a château and outbuildings, all in ruins". The château, without the land was purchased by the Friends of Maulnes Company and for the first time, a large backup funded plan was implemented. In 1964, a work permit was granted to repair the crumbling façades. Fundraising continued until 1969.</p><br>
<p>But the company suddenly ended the campaign and deterioration worsened with the storms in 1979 and 1981-1982. In 1985, a decree compelled the owner to perform the restoration work; they are led to office in 1987. Finally in 1997, the General Council of the Yonne acquired Maulnes after an expropriation procedure.</p><br>
<h3>The period of rediscovery (1997 -)</h3><br>
<p>In 1997 a scientific committee is set up to organize multidisciplinary research required to understand Maulnes. While historians studying the archives relating to the château and its sponsors, archaeologists of the Centre for Medieval Studies at Auxerre performed excavations and research, both in the château and its surroundings. For four years, the research focused on various themes such as the relationship between the château and the Maulnes forest and the hydrogeological study of the site.</p><br>
<p>This initial research identified for the first time the most pressing issues needing to be addressed in the prevention of further deterioration and restoration of the château. While the initial work has saved Maulnes and created a tourist attraction, it will take many more years before the château and grounds are fully restored to their original, 16th century condition.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>The site</h3><br>
<p>Maulnes is 25 km from Tonnerre, the main city of the region, and 15 km of the châteaus of Tanlay and Ancy-le-Franc.</p><br>
<p>It lies on the edge of a large plateau of farmland that was once covered with forests. The 18th century Cassini map shows the château surrounded by a vast forest, in a clearing at the intersection of five forest paths. These paths allowed for ease of logging and hunting, and also created a spectacular view of the château. The château has three predictable streams of water, providing water to the premises.</p><br>
<p>The château is a complex of three buildings. The entrance was a semicircular common, only a portion of which still remains. Contiguous with the common was a covered porch which has completely disappeared over the years. Lastly was an open air fixed bridge leading from the covered porch to the pentagonal house.</p><br>
<h3>The commons and the gallery</h3><br>
<p>The commons was a semicircular building surrounding the courtyard, with one floor and an attic. The original Philibert Delorme structure was built around 1570-1572, but was replaced between 1662 and 1674 by a traditional frame. It had likely had undergone additional changes since then to adapt for industrial use at the time of the glassworks industry. A 1942 map shows the commons completely intact. Today, half of the structure is missing. The structure was dismantled in 2000-2001 for restoration work, but has</p><br>
<p>since been restored and now serve as public reception venue and exhibition hall.</p><br>
<p>The extant entrance hallway was built in the center of the gallery and was centerpiece of the commons. The plans of Du Cerceau shows a floored gallery with five arches leading to an open-air fixed bridge supported by four columns and a moveable gateway. From the bridge over the moat was then the north tower of the pentagonal house.</p><br>
<h3>The pentagonal house</h3><br>
<p>The pentagonal house was built with five equal sides of about 17 m surrounding a hollow cylinder shaped well. Adjacent to the central space is a large spiral staircase which connects all five levels and the terrace at the top. Each pentagonal corner has a tower. Three of the towers have a staircase, probably intended for servants, allowing the central staircase to be reserved for the owners and their guests. Four towers are incorporated into the pentagonal form; while the fifth, the north tower, was added after the finished building, perhaps for reasons of safety from renewed war.</p><br>
<p>The building has an axis of symmetry that passes through the north tower and through the middle of the south facade.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the home, there are 21 fireplaces, which was not unusual given the harsh winters on the Maulnes plateau. On the roof, the five chimneys act to support the central terrace.</p><br>
<h4>The well</h4><br>
<p>The walls of the well contains several large windows arranged regularly. It was possible to draw water from the well to every floor, and there is evidence of wear due to the ropes in several locations, but especially on the third floor.</p><br>
<h4>First and second floors</h4><br>
<p>Due to the natural slope of the terrain, the first floor on the north side is buried while on the south side it is exposed. A diverted water source feeds the bowl, which in turn connects to the base of the interior well. The overflow of the bowl, as well as two other water sources, flowed into a basin or nymphaeum, partly inside and partly outside. These two floors included areas that could serve as storage areas, basements and cellars.</p><br>
<h4>Third floor</h4><br>
<p>The main entrance and vestibule of the pentagonal house is on the north side of the third floor. Research on this level has discovered evidence of a bathing room containing an oven, a boiler room and hypocaust (heated floor). These areas were accessible by a staircase from one of the main bedrooms of the upper floor. In the bathroom are remnants of a mural painted with an oil paint on mortar. The surviving traces show a forest backdrop and several female figures, possibly a representation of the legend of Diana.</p><br>
<h4>Fourth floor</h4><br>
<p>This level was the main floor of activity, recognizable by the greater ceiling heights and two Doric columns that adorn it. From the description of Androuet du Cerceau, ceilings of this floor were quite remarkable, especially the enrayure-style box struts that are aligned diagonally with the room walls. A small room, identified as a washroom, is connected to the main bedroom. A water discharge, through the window sill, suggests a bathtub was once present.</p><br>
<h4>The terrace</h4><br>
<p>At the top of the château is a terrace surrounded by five chimney stacks, forming belvedere with a room for a roof lantern in the center. This lantern would have provided shelter from rain and would allow natural light to enter the central well below. It was later covered by a pyramidal roof, but this removed in the twentieth century.</p><br>
<h4>The facades</h4><br>
<p>The main building was designed to be viewed primarily from a north-south angle. The five facades differ from each other, however, they all share three elements: an ashlar roof base, floors and an attic. The two north facades, situated on either side of the entry turret, combine and form an assembly; while the south facade and two towers that flank form another. The south facade opens to the garden and features a nymphaeum in the lower part.</p><br>
<p>The ashlar roof base was made up of a cornice with supporting corbels, the design of which were of alternating dog heads and lion heads, reflecting a hunting theme. Photographs from 1942, show that three dogs&#39; heads were still in place at that time. This decoration has subsequently been reconstructed on the northeast and northwest facades. With the exception of heads, the facades appear very simple, which was uncommon at the time. However, their layout is well organized and more complex than it first appears. For example, there was a gradation of materials used; rustic stone for nymphée, smooth cut stones for the roof base, plaster cornices and protruding, stepped cornices floors.</p><br>
<h4>Stone selection</h4><br>
<p>The small rubble, used for interior wall siding, came from astartes limestone deposits located a few hundred meters from the château.</p><br>
<p>The majority of stones belong to the same geological layer of soft, chalky white limestone of Tonnerre. It was used indoors as well as for the frame of the well. Another similar facies, though less chalky and more hard, was used for the exterior walls.</p><br>
<p>A reddish stone was used in the masonry of the château, especially near the nymphaeum. It may have come from Indian bead limestone quarries located in the nearby communes of Massangis and Coutarnoux, near Avallon.</p><br>
<h3>The exterior</h3><br>
<h4>The garden</h4><br>
<p>From the first construction, the whole future garden area was cleared and pickled. Then the walls closing and walls dry moat were built. Closing the walls, including the most distant part of the château is in a semicircle, surrounded by a hedge and a grass glaze. The original plan seems to have planned the construction of a large outer wall with bastions, which was not realized. On the mode of "palazzo in fortezza" Italian (a palace in a fortress), it was probably to protect themselves from common disorders in these times of civil war.</p><br>
<h4>The nymphaeum</h4><br>
<p>By reflecting the image of the château, the nymphaeum acts as a unifying element between the gardens and château. The vault of the basin is made of segments of alternating color. The exterior as well as the lintels of Level 1, is rusticated.In original plans of Du Cerceau, it is shown surrounded by bleachers forming a small theater. Yet the archaeological excavations suggest this was never present and the original plan for the nymphaeum was simplified. The current theories suggest a terrace wall separated the enclosed basin from the rest of the garden, interrupted by an access staircase. The plan of Du Cerceau could have corresponded to a project of later development that never cam to fruition due to the abandonment of the site or the death of Antoine de Crussol. The nymphaeum was completely restored in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Monte or Pico de Santo António is a mountain in the southwestern part of the island Boa Vista in Cape Verde. At 379 m elevation, it is the island&#39;s second highest point. It is located just next to Rocha Estância and west of Monte Estância, one of three orographic formations on an island, a morphological fortress with a semicircular base elevation about the Alcanza plain with a 320 m altitude difference. The upper part of the mountain are made up of rocky material notably basalt. The view of the mountain varies, its width is around east to west and short from north to south, the height of that portion is about 25 m to the northeast and 50 m to the southwest where the summit is. West of the foot is a small tiny settlement.</p><br>
<p>It is part of a protected natural space in Cape Verde under the statute of natural monument, a reason that describes geological and geomorphical features. It also protects notable endemic plants and flowers, though vegetation are scattered. The protected area covers 459 hectare.</p><br>
<p>Up above, it has panoramic views of much of the island and parts of the island of Maio and São Nicolau.</p><br>
<p>The Harvey M. Vaile Mansion is located at 1500 North Liberty Street in Independence, Missouri. Built in 1881 for businessman Harvey M. Vaile, it is a locally significant example of Second Empire architecture. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 and designated locally in 2002; it is open to the public as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built for Colonel Harvey Merrick Vaile and his wife, Sophia. Vaile was born in Vermont in 1831; he graduated in law from the University of Louisville and moved to Kansas City, Missouri in 1859, before finally settling in Independence in 1870. A "strong supporter of the abolitionism movement" with a passion for politics, he was among the founders of the Republican Party in Jackson County. with rights for the route to Santa Fe. Vaile was a prominent figure in Independence business and social circles, and "desired a magnificent residence as an outward expression of his wealth." Construction began around 1871, and the mansion was completed in 1881, at a cost of $150,000 (the equivalent of about $3–4 million in 2015, when adjusted for inflation). The Vaile Mansion quickly became the showplace of Jackson County, and offered "lavish hospitality to notables of the 1880s and 1890s including many USA Senators and congressional representatives."</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s Vaile was involved in the Star route scandal. Charged with defrauding the government, he faced two trials, in 1882 and 1883: both of them ended in a not guilty verdict, but Vaile had to spend more than $100,000 in trial expenses. In February 1883, while he was in Washington, D.C., his wife Sophia, who had been diagnosed with stomach cancer, was found dead at home from a morphine overdose, in what was a case of suspected suicide. Vaile occupied the mansion until his death in 1895; immediately thereafter, his heirs contested ownership of the estate in a legal battle that lasted five years.</p><br>
<p>The house changed hands multiple times over the ensuing decades; in 1908 it became a sanatorium, and was subsequently converted by attorney Carey May Carroll into a nursing home and the operating site for "Vaile Pure Water Co.," a spring water bottling company. After Miss Carroll&#39;s death, the mansion, which was threatened with demolition, was purchased by Roger and Mary Mildred DeWitt, who started making repairs</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Harvey M. Vaile Mansion was designed by Kansas City architect Asa Beebe Cross (1826–1894) in the Second Empire style; its design was reportedly inspired by a large house visited by Vaile and his wife in Normandy. (purchased at a cost of $50,000), it features an elaborate one-story porch, limestone moldings, heavy bracketed cornices, dormered mansard roofs, and multicolor slate shingles. The profusion of applied ornament well exemplifies "the High Victorian taste for leaving no surface areas untouched." The tall, narrow windows, together with the central tower&#39;s double mansard roof, emphasize the strong sense of verticality of the façade.</p><br>
<p>When completed, the Vaile Mansion was, according to a 1882 Kansas City Times reporter, "the most princely house and the most comfortable home in the entire west." It features thirty-one rooms with fourteen-feet-high ceilings decorated by French, German, and Italian artists. All of the original furniture was auctioned off when the estate left the Vaile family (the house was refurnished by the Vaile Victorian Society after 1983); however, the interiors still boast the original paintwork, nine marble fireplaces (one of which cost $1500), and two of the three original chandeliers, originally intended for the White House (Harvey Vaile was able to purchase them for $800 while he was in Washington, D.C., because there was some flaw in them). State-of-the-art amenities original to the house include speaking tubes, gasoliers, indoor running hot and cold water, and flush toilets; equipped with a built-in 6,000 gallon water tank, the Vaile Mansion was the first house in Jackson County with indoor plumbing.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was originally surrounded by a 630-acre estate (now reduced to a mere 5.6 acres), which included a grape vineyard and an apple orchard. Vaile had a wine processing plant on his property, as well as a wine cellar capable of holding 48,000 gallons.</p><br>
<p>Lankill Standing Stone is a standing stone and National Monument located in County Mayo, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lankill Standing Stone stands in a field 2.7 km west-southwest of Aughagower, south of Knappaghbeg Lough. Toberbrendan, an early monastic site, is immediately to the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone possibly dates to the Bronze Age period but was Christianised centuries later with a cross carved on it.</p><br>
<p>The purpose of standing stones is unclear; they may have served as boundary markers, ritual or ceremonial sites, burial sites or astrological alignments.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone is a spike of shale 2.5 m tall. On the west face is a cross with a V-shaped ornament beneath it, and on the east face is a Latin cross in a double circle and four concentric circles; this probably indicates a "pagan" monument that was later appropriated by Christians.</p><br>
<p>Grand Avenue Historic Commercial District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Spencer, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The district covers most of the citys central business district, mainly along Grand Avenue, but on some of the intersecting streets as well. In addition to commercial buildings, the district also includes the post office, a theater, and a fraternal lodge. The commercial Romanesque Revival and Neoclassical styles are dominate. The period of significance begins in 1913 when a building boom of more "modern" construction began and ends in 1935. A fire started by fireworks destroyed nearly two full blocks, and affected 70 businesses and professional offices. The architects who designed the new buildings went for a unified approach utilizing a Spanish/Mission influence. The Iowa Legislature passed a law banning the sale of fireworks throughout the state.</p><br>
<p>North Grand Avenue Residential Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Spencer, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The district is an 11 block area north of the city&#39;s central business district. North Grand is a tree-lined street divided by a landscaped boulevard, and features Art Deco light fixtures. Its design was influenced by the City Beautiful movement. The thoroughfare carries USA Route 71/18 traffic. The contributing buildings are houses, garages, and four churches. Architectural styles found here are Queen Anne, Victorian, Classical Revival, Colonial Revival, Greek Revival, American Four Square, Tudor Revival, Bungalow, and American Craftsman. Many of the buildings are architect designed. One of the houses in the district, the Adams-Higgins House , was individually listed on the National Register in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Wanata State Park Picnic Shelter is a historic building located south of Peterson, Iowa, United States. Dr. E.W. Spaulding from Peterson was instrumental in acquiring the property for the park, which was dedicated in 1934. Civilian Conservation Corps Company 778 built the shelter on the slope of a hill that descends to the Little Sioux River. The rear and side walls are composed of random rubble stone. There are four stone pillars across the front, and four vertical timbers attached to them that support the eaves of the gable roof. Each side wall has a doorway and window opening. A fireplace and chimney are centered on the rear wall. There is a small stone basement in the northwest corner, and cemented stone covers the floor of the shelter. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Vescera, also known as Ad Piscinam, was an ancient titular see and Roman colony in Roman North Africa. It has been identified as a site near Biskra in Algeria. It remains as a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church in the Province of Numidia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was founded soon after the arrival of the Romans around 200 AD under Septimius Severus&#39; and became part of the province of Numidia. As a major settlement in the border region, it was significant even then. Its name was apparently bowdlerized by the Romans to Ad Piscīnam ("at the piscīna"), implying the presence of important waterworks.</p><br>
<p>The city fell to the Arab armies during the end of the 7th century. A significant portion of the inhabitants of the area still descend from the Arab bedouin tribe of Banu Hilal, others are mainly Chaoui Berbers.</p><br>
<h2>Bishopric</h2><br>
<p>The city was the seat of a bishopric in Roman times and was one of the main centers in the Donatist schism of the 4th century. Three bishops are known:</p><br>
<p>Optatus (Catholic) fl.411 and friend of Augustine of Hippo</p><br>
<p>Fortunatus(Donatist) fl.411</p><br>
<p>Felix (Catholic) fl.484.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century the bishopric was nominally re-established as a titular see and three bishops are known.</p><br>
<p>Louis-Georges-Firmin Demol, (Jan 27 1936 Appointed – Jul 2 1969)</p><br>
<p>José Gustavo Angel Ramirez, (Jun 19 1989 Appointed – Feb 23 2013)</p><br>
<p>John Bosco Chang Shin-Ho (31 May 2016 Appointed -)</p><br>
<p>The Rutland Railroad Pumping Station is a historic water pumping facility at 43 Lake Street in the town of Alburgh, Vermont. Built in 1903, it is a rare example in Vermont of an early railroad-related water pumping facility. In use until the 1940s, it provided water needed for steam engines at rail facilities elsewhere in Alburgh. It is now owned by the town, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Rutland Railroad Pumping Station stands on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, at the western end of Lake Street. It is a modest rectangular brick building, with a gabled roof and stone foundation. The north-facing front is three bays wide, with a doorway in the left bay and rectangular window openings to the right. All of the building openings have been boarded over. The window openings are set in what were once round openings for pipes, as evidenced by infill brickwork. The interior of the building is single open space with a poured concrete floor. Equipment, most dating to the mid-20th century, is located at the southern end. It includes a gasoline motor, electric motor, and water pump.</p><br>
<p>The Rutland Railroad, in a bid to expand service north of Burlington, capitalized on the financial difficulties of the competing Central Vermont Railroad to acquire rights to the railway crossing between Alburgh and Ogdensburg, New York in 1897. It then built a major railyard in Alburgh, a presence that is largely no longer evident. This pumping station was constructed about 1903 to provided water from the lake to the railyards, for use in the railroad&#39;s steam-powered locomotives. It also served as a water supply for parts of the town. During the first half of the 20th century, steam engines were supplanted by more efficient diesel and electric power, and the pumping station was functionally abandoned. The town acquired the building from the railroad in 1954; its modern water supply plant stands nearby.</p><br>
<p>The LeClair Avenue Historic District encompasses a small residential development on LeClair Avenue and North Street in Winooski, Vermont. Subdivided and developed by Francis LeClair, a prominent local businessman, the well-preserved working-class residences typify development of the period catering to the area&#39;s growing French-Canadian immigrant community. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>LeClair Avenue is a short dead-end street on the west side of North Street between Union and West Spring Streets, in a residential area northwest of downtown Winooski. The street is lined with a small number of wood-frame and brick single and multi-family residences. Also included in the historic district are several buildings facing North Street, which formed part of the original development of LeClair Street. The buildings were all built between about 1880 and 1905, and are basically vernacular in style, with modest hints of popular architectural styles of the period. Most of the buildings have had some alterations made, from the construction of additions to the replacement of porches and the application of vinyl siding.</p><br>
<p>Francis LeClair was a successful businessman and real estate developer in Winooski, which was part of Colchester until 1921. The Winooski mills, lining the northern bank of the Winooski River, were a major economic success beginning in the 1860s, drawing French-speaking immigrant workers from neighboring Quebec. LeClair was known in the community for building moderately-priced housing suitable for occupation by the families of mill workers. The LeClair Avenue development was one of the last he began before his death in 1889. He subdivided a large parcel of land about 1880, and sold the smaller parcels off to immigrants or local residents of French-Canadian heritage, who then built on them. Most of the property owners and tenants of the time are described in census records as workers in the area mills.</p><br>
<p>Carrickkildavnet Castle is a tower house and National Monument located in Achill Island, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Carrickkildavnet Castle is located in the southeast corner of Achill Island, across from the Corraun Peninsula. This is an important strategic site, protecting the mouth of Achill Sound and the passage that connects Clew Bay with Blacksod Bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carrickkildavnet castle was built c. 1429 by the Ó Máille (OMalley), Kings of Umaill. It was later the stronghold of Gráinne Ní Mháille (Grace OMalley, c. 1530 – c. 1603), the famous "pirate queen." Her other strongholds were at Rockfleet Castle (on Clew Bay) and Clare Island.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>It is a tower house of four storeys&#39; height. It is vaulted above the first floor and a hole at the corner of this vault is the only access to the higher levels, presumably for defensive reasons. Other defensive features include a mural chamber, machicolation, defensive loops, buttress fortifications at the top and a ruined bawn wall.</p><br>
<p>Le Mars Public Library is located in Le Mars, Iowa, United States. A group of local women organized a library association in 1876, and their collection of books was housed in various commercial buildings around town. The city took over the operation and support of the library in 1885, and the books were housed in rooms above the city offices. The community approached the Carnegie Corporation of New York for a grant to build a library building, and its application was accepted on January 22, 1903. The total grant paid by the Carnegie Corporation was $12,000. John Werling designed the single-story Renaissance Revival building. The exterior walls are of pink-buff brick and the high basement walls are of rock-faced granite. The main entrance protrudes slightly from the main facade, and it is capped with triangular pediment. Within the tympanum are the initials "A.C." for Andrew Carnegie.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie building was dedicated on January 1, 1904, and it continued to serve the community until it became small. It was replaced by the present building in 1976. The old building was rededicated as the Le Mars Civic Center and housed the Le Mars Arts Council and Le Mars Chamber of Commerce. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The chamber moved out in 1991, and the building is now known as the Le Mars Arts Center.</p><br>
